Unicode Technical Standard #35

Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)
Part 8: Person Names

For the full header, summary, and status, see Part 1: Core.

Summary

This document describes parts of an XML format (vocabulary) for the exchange of structured locale data. This format is used in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository.

This is a partial document, describing only those parts of the LDML that are relevant for person names (name structure, formats, sorting). For the other parts of the LDML see the main LDML document and the links above.

Status

This is a draft document which may be updated, replaced, or superseded by other documents at any time. Publication does not imply endorsement by the Unicode Consortium. This is not a stable document; it is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress.

A Unicode Technical Standard (UTS) is an independent specification. Conformance to the Unicode Standard does not imply conformance to any UTS.

Please submit corrigenda and other comments with the CLDR bug reporting form [Bugs]. Related information that is useful in understanding this document is found in the References. For the latest version of the Unicode Standard see [Unicode]. For a list of current Unicode Technical Reports see [Reports]. For more information about versions of the Unicode Standard, see [Versions].

Parts

The LDML specification is divided into the following parts:

• Part 1: Core (languages, locales, basic structure)
• Part 2: General (display names & transforms, etc.)
• Part 3: Numbers (number & currency formatting)
• Part 4: Dates (date, time, time zone formatting)
• Part 5: Collation (sorting, searching, grouping)
• Part 6: Supplemental (supplemental data)
• Part 7: Keyboards (keyboard mappings)
• Part 8: Person Names (person names)

Contents of Part 8, Person Names

• 1 CLDR Person Names
  • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.1.1 Not in scope
  • 1.2 API Implementation
  • 1.3 Person Name Formatting Overview
  • 1.4 Example Usage
• 2 XML Structure
  • 2.1 personNames Element
  • 2.2 personName Element
  • 2.3 nameOrderLocales Element
  • 2.4 foreignSpaceReplacement Element
  • 2.5 initialPattern Element
    • 2.5.1 Syntax
• 3 Person Name Object
• 4 Person Name Attributes
  • 4.1 order
  • 4.2 length
  • 4.3 usage
  • 4.4 formality
• 5 namePattern Syntax
  • 5.1 Fields
  • 5.2 Modifiers
• 6 Formatting Process
  • 6.1 Derive the name locale
  • 6.2 Derive the formatting locale
  • 6.3 Derive the name order
  • 6.4 Choose a personName
  • 6.5 Choose a namePattern
  • 6.6 Examples of choosing a namePattern
    • 6.6.1 Examples for rules 1 and 2
    • 6.6.2 Examples for rule 3 and the interaction between the rules
  • 6.7 Deriving initials
  • 6.8 Handling foreign names
• 7 Sample Name
  • 7.1 Syntax
  • 7.2 Expected values
• 8 PersonName Data Interface Examples
  • 8.1 Example 1
  • 8.2 Example 2

1 CLDR Person Names

1.1 Introduction

CLDR provides formatting for person names, such as John Smith or 宮崎駿. These use patterns to show how a name object (for example, from a database) should be formatted for a particular locale. Name data has fields for the parts of people’s names, such as a given field with a value of “Maria”, and a surname field value of “Schmidt”.

There is a wide variety in the way that people’s names appear in different languages.

• People may have a different number of names, depending on their culture—they might have only one name (“Zendaya”), two (“Albert Einstein”), or three or more.
• People may have multiple words in a particular name field, eg “Mary Beth” as a given name, or “van Berg” as a surname.
• Some languages, such as Spanish, have two surnames (where each can be composed of multiple words).
• The ordering of name fields can be different across languages, as well as the spacing (or lack thereof) and punctuation.
• Name formatting needs to be adapted to different circumstances, such as a need to be presented shorter or longer; formal or informal context; or when talking about someone, or talking to someone, or as a monogram (JFK).

This document provides the LDML specification for formatting of personal names, using data, structure, and examples.

This is a technology preview; thus not intended for production software (except where itself marked as a technology preview). We have gathered a first round of data, and intend to refine the way in which we gather data. We are looking for additional feedback on the tech preview so that we can make improvements. For example, there are a few areas where we intend enhancements: handling native vs foreign names (in the native script); handling prefix and suffix fields; and so on.

The CLDR functionality is targeted at formatting names for typical usage on computers (e.g. contact names, automated greetings, etc.), rather than designed for special circumstances or protocol, such addressing royalty. However, the structure may be enhanced in the future when it becomes clear that additional features are needed for some languages.

This addition to CLDR is based on review of current standards and practices that exist in LDAP, hcard, HTML and various other international standards and commercial implementations.

Additions to those structures were made to accomodate known issues in large population groups, such as mononyms in Indonesia, patronymic and matronymic naming structure in Iceland and India, the need for a second surname in Spanish-speaking regions and the common case of chains of patronymic names in Arabic speaking locales. The formatting patterns allow for specifying different “input parameters” to account for different contexts.

1.1.1 Not in scope

The following features are currently out of scope for Person Names formating:

• Grammatical inflection of formatted names.

• Context-specific cultural aspects, such as when to use “-san” vs “-sama” when addressing a Japanese person.

• Providing lists of prefixes and suffixes (Mr, Ms., Mx., Dr., etc.)

• Distinctions among prefixes and suffixes, such as title (Dr., Prof., Sir), gender-honorifics, generation (Jr., IV), accreditations (MBA, Esq.)

• Validation of input, such as which fields are required, and what characters are allowed.

• Combining alternative names, such as multicultural names in Hong Kong "Jackie Chan Kong-Sang”, or ‘Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson’.

• More than two levels of formality for names.

• Parsing of names:

  • Parsing of name strings into specific name parts such as given and given2. A name like "Mary Beth Estrella" could conceivably be any of the following.

  given	given2	surname	surname2
  Mary	Beth	Estrella
  Mary Beth		Estrella
  Mary		Beth Estrella
  Mary		Beth	Estrella

  • Parsing out the other components of a name in a string, such as surname prefixes (Tussenvoegsel in Dutch).

1.2 API Implementation

A Tech Preview API for formatting personal names is included in ICU. The implementation can be found at PersonNameFormatter.java.

1.3 Person Name Formatting Overview

Logically, the model used for applying the CLDR data is the following:

Conceptually, CLDR person name formatting depends on data supplied by a PersonName Data Interface. That could be a very thin interface that simply accesses a database record, or it could be a more sophisticated interface that can modify the raw data before presenting it to be formatted. For example, based on the formatting locale a PersonName data interface could transliterate names that are in another script, or supply equivalent titles in different languages.

The specification below will talk about a “PersonName object” as an entity that is logically accessed via such an interface. If multiple formatted names are needed, such as in different scripts or with alternate names, or pronunciations (eg kana), the presumption is that those are logically separate PersonName objects. See [Person Name Object].

The following summarizes the name data supplied via the PersonName Data Interface:

• Name data is composed of one or more name parts, which are categorized in this standard as
  • prefix - a string that may precede a name and may indicate an honorific, title, etc.
  • given - usually a name given to someone that is not passed to a person by way of parentage
  • given2 - name or names that may appear between the first given name string and the surname. In the West, this may be a middle name, in Slavic regions it may be a patronymic name, and in parts of the Middle East, it may be the nasab (نسب) or series of patronymics.
  • surname - usually the family name passed to a person that indicates their family, tribe, or community. In most Western languages, this is known as the last name.
  • surname2 - in some cultures, both the parent’s surnames are used and need to be handled separately for formatting in different contexts.
  • suffix - a string that may succeed a person’s name to indicate status, generation, or title.
  • See the section on [Fields] for more details.
• Name data may have additional attributes that this specification accommodates.
  • -informal - A name may have a formal and an informal presentation form, for example “Bob” vs “Robert” or “Са́ша” vs “Алекса́ндра”. This is accomplished by using the simple construct given-informal.
  • -prefix and -core - In some languages the surname may have a prefix that needs to be treated differently, for example van de Berg. The data can refer to “van de” as surname-prefix and “Berg” with surname-core and the PersonNames formatters will format them correctly in Dutch and many other languages.
  • See the section on [Modifiers] for more details.

To format a name correctly, the correct context needs to be known. The context is composed of:

• The formatting locale. This is used to choose the primary set of patterns to format name data.
• The name locale. If the name data comes from a locale different from the formatting locale, it may need to be handled differently. If the name locale is not known, an inferred name locale is derived from the information in the name and the formatting locale.
• Input parameters.
  • order - indicates whether the given name comes first or the surname. This is normally specified in the CLDR data for the locale. This feature is also used for the sorting format.
  • length - used to select patterns for common short, medium, and long formatted names.
  • usage - this is used to select the correct pattern to format a name when a program is addressing or talking to a person or it is referring to or talking about another person.
  • formality - This is used to select the formal or informal formatting of a name.
  • See [Person Name Attributes] for more details.

1.4 Example Usage

As an example, consider a person’s name that may contain:

If the selected personName data has the following formatting pattern:

{prefix} {given} {given2-initial} {surname}, {suffix}

Then the output is:

 Robin F. Wang, Ph.D.

The prefix field is empty, so both it and the space that follows it in the formatting pattern are omitted from the output, the given2 field is formatted as an initial, and a preceding comma is placed before the suffix.

Sections below specify the precise manner in which a pattern is selected, and how the pattern is modified for missing fields.

2 XML Structure

Person name formatting data is stored as LDML with schema defined as follows.

2.1 personNames Element

<!ELEMENT personNames ( nameOrderLocales*, foreignSpaceReplacement?, initialPattern*, personName+, sampleName* ) >

The LDML top-level <personNames> element contains information regarding the formatting of person names, and the formatting of person names in specific contexts for a specific locale.

2.2 personName Element

The <personName> element contains the format patterns, or <namePattern> elements, for a specific context and is described in [namePattern Syntax]

The <namePattern> syntax is described in [Person Name Format Patterns].

<!ELEMENT personName ( namePattern+ ) >
<!ATTLIST personName order NMTOKENS #IMPLIED >

• NMTOKENS is a space delimited list of ( surnameFirst | givenFirst | sorting )

<!ATTLIST personName length NMTOKENS #IMPLIED >

• NMTOKENS is a space delimited list of ( long | medium | short )

<!ATTLIST personName usage NMTOKENS #IMPLIED >

• NMTOKENS is a space delimited list of ( addressing | referring | monogram )

<!ATTLIST personName formality NMTOKENS #IMPLIED >

• NMTOKENS is a space delimited list of ( formal | informal )

The <personName> element has attributes of order, length, usage, and formality, and contains one or more <namePattern> elements.

• For each attribute, there must be at least one attribute value, no value can occur twice, and order is not important (but the canonical order of elements is order, length, usage, formality). Thus
  • formality="informal informal" is invalid,
  • as is formality="".
  • formality="formal informal" is valid and canonical
  • formality="informal formal" is valid, but not canonical
• A missing attribute is equivalent to a list of all valid values for that attribute. For example, if formality=... is missing, it is equivalent to formality="formal informal".

<!ELEMENT namePattern ( #PCDATA ) >

A namePattern contains a list of PersonName fields enclosed in curly braces, separated by literals, such as:

<namePattern>{surname}, {given} {given2}</namePattern>

which produces output like “_Smith, Robert James_”. See [namePattern Syntax] for more details.

2.3 nameOrderLocales Element

The <nameOrderLocales> element is optional, and contains information about selecting patterns based on the locale of a passed in PersonName object to determine the order of elements in a formatted name. For more information see [NameOrder]. It has a structure as follows:

<!ELEMENT nameOrderLocales `( #PCDATA )`>
<!ATTLIST nameOrderLocales order ( givenFirst | surnameFirst ) #REQUIRED >

• #PCDATA is a space delimited list of one or more unicode_locale_ids. Normally they are limited to language, script, and region. The und locale ID may only occur once, either in surnameFirst or givenFirst, but not both, and matches all base locales not explicitly listed.

An example from English may look like the following

<nameOrderLocales order="givenFirst">und en</nameOrderLocales>
<nameOrderLocales order="surnameFirst">ko vi yue zh</nameOrderLocales>

This would tell the formatting code, when handling person name data from an English locale, to use patterns with the givenFirst order attribute for all data except name data from Korean, Vietnamese, Cantonese, and Chinese locales, where the surnameFirst patterns should be used.

2.4 foreignSpaceReplacement Element

The <foreignSpaceReplacement> element is used to specify how delimiters should appear between name parts when the name data (name locale) is different from the requested locale (formatting locale)., but they both use the same script.

<!ELEMENT foreignSpaceReplacement ( #PCDATA ) >
<!ATTLIST foreignSpaceReplacement xml:space preserve #REQUIRED >

• xml:space must be set to 'preserve' so that actual spaces in the pattern are preserved. See W3C XML White Space Handling.
• The #PCDATA is the character sequence used to replace spaces between fields for name data from a name locale that is different from the formatting locale, but are in the same script.

2.5 initialPattern Element

The <initialPattern> element is used to specify how to format initials of name parts.

initial is a pattern used to display a single initial in the locale, while initialSequence is a pattern used to “glue” together multiple initials for multiword fields, for example with the given name “Mary Beth” in English.

2.5.1 Syntax

<!ELEMENT initialPattern ( #PCDATA ) >
<!ATTLIST initialPattern type ( initial | initialSequence) #REQUIRED >

The type="initial" is used to specify the pattern for how single initials are created, for example “Wolcott” => “W.” would have an entry of

<initialPattern type="initial">{0}.</initialPattern>

type="initialSequence” is used to specify how a series of initials should appear, for example “Wolcott Janus” => “W. J.”, with spaces between each initial, would have a specifier of

<initialPattern type="initialSequence">{0} {1}</initialPattern>

3 Person Name Object

The information that is to be formatted logically consists of a data object containing a number of fields. This data object is a construct for the purpose of formatting, and doesn’t represent the source of the name data. That is, the original source may contain more information. The PersonName object is merely a logical ‘transport’ of information to formatting; it may physically consist of, for example, an API that fetches fields from a database.

Note that an application might have more than one set of name data for a given person, such as data for both a legal name and a nickname or preferred name. Or the source data may contain two whole sets of name data for a person from an Eastern Slavic region, one in Cyrillic characters and one in Latin characters. Or it might contain phonetic data for a name (commonly used in Japan). The additional application-specific information in person’s names is out of scope for the CLDR Person Name formatting data. Thus a calling application may produce more than one PersonName object to format depending on the purpose.

For illustration, the following is a sample PersonName object.

A PersonName object is logically composed of the fields above plus other possible variations. See [Fields]. There must be at least one field present: either a given or surname field. Other fields are optional, and some of them can be constructed from other fields if necessary.

A modifier is supplied, -informal, which can be used to indicate which data element to choose when formatting informal cases which might include nicknames or preferred names. For more details, see section on [Modifiers] in namePattern Syntax below.

4 Person Name Attributes

A person name pattern may have any of four attributes: order, length, usage, and formality. LDML specifies that all the values for these attributes are unique. For example, because length=long is valid, usage=long cannot also be valid. That allows the pattern labels to be simple, because the attribute names can be skipped. That is,

{order=givenFirst, length=long, usage=referring, formality=formal} 

can be abbreviated without loss of information as:

_givenFirst-long-referring-formal._

Each of these attributes are described below using sample PersonName objects as examples.

4.1 order

The order attribute is used for patterns with different orders of fields. The order=sorting patterns are chosen based on input parameters, while the choice between givenFirst and surnameFirst is based on features of the PersonName object to be formatted and the nameOrder element values.

For example, when the display language is Japanese, it is customary to use surnameFirst for names of people from Japan and Hungary, but use givenFirst for names of people from the United States and France. Although the English pattern for sorting is distinct from the other patterns (except for unusual names), that is not necessarily the case in other languages.

4.2 length

The length attribute specifies the relative length of a formatted name depending on context. For example, a long formal name in English would include prefix, given, given2, surname plus suffix; whereas a short informal name may only be the given name.

Note that the formats may be the same for different lengths depending on the formality, usage, and cultural conventions for the locale. For example, medium and short may be the same for a particular context.

4.3 usage

The usage indicates if the formatted name is being used to address someone, refer to someone, or present their name in an abbreviated form.

The pattern for usage="referring" may be the same as the pattern for usage="addressing".

Slavic languages provide a good example of addressing vs referring. An example uk-Cyrl PersonName object:

In Slavic languages, when addressing a person (with length="long"), it might be

• г-н Иван Петрович Васильев // "Mr Ivan Petrovich Vasiliev"

And when referring to a person, it might place the surname first.:

• Васильев Иван Петрович // "Vasiliev Ivan Petrovich"

The monogram usage is for very short abbreviated names, such as might be found in online messaging text avatars or other annotations. Ideally, a monogram format should result in something that could fit in an em square. Some emoji provide examples of this: 🅰️ 🆎 🆘

When used with length, for many alphabetic locales a monogram would resolve to one, two, or three characters for short, medium, and long respectively. But that may vary depending on the usage in a locale.

4.4 formality

The formality indicates the formality of usage. A name on a badge for an informal gathering may be much different from an award announcement at the Nobel Prize Ceremonies.

Note that the formats may be the same for different formality scenarios depending on the length, usage, and cultural conventions for the locale. For example short formal and short informal may both be just the given name.

5 namePattern Syntax

A namePattern is composed of a sequence of field IDs, each enclosed in curly braces, and separated by zero or more literal characters (eg, space or comma + space). An Extended Backus Normal Form (EBNF) is used to describe the namePattern format for a specific set of attributes. It has the following structure. This is the ( #PCDATA ) reference in the element specification above.

5.1 Fields

The Person Name formatting data assumes that the name data to be formatted consists of the fields in the table below. All of the fields may contain multiple words. Field IDs are lowercase ASCII alphanumeric, and start with an alphabetic character.

When determining how a full name is to be placed into name fields, the data to be formatted should be organized functionally. That is, if a name part is on the dividing line between given2 and given, the key feature is whether it would always occur with the rest of the given name. For example, in “_Mary Jean Smith_”, if Mary never occurs without the “_Jean_”, then the given name should be “_Mary Jean_”. If “_Smith_” never occurs without the “_Jean_”, the surname should be “_Jean Smith_”. Otherwise, “_Jean_” would be the given2 field.

For example, a patronymic would be treated as a given2 name in most slavic languages.

In some cultures, two surnames are used to indicate the paternal and maternal family names or generational names indicating father, grandfather. The surname2 field is used to indicate this. The CLDR PersonName formatting data assumes that if a PersonName object to be formatted does not have two surnames, then the surname2 field is not populated. (That is, no pattern should have a surname2 field without a surname field.) Order of fields in a pattern can vary arbitrarily by locale.

In most cultures, there is a concept of nickname or preferred name, which is used in informal settings or sometimes to represent a “public” or “stage name”. The nickname or preferred name may be submitted as a separate PersonName object to be formatted, or included with a modifier such as given-informal.

Some other examples:

• British name: John Ronald Reuel Tolkien: given name is "John", given2 name would be "Ronald Reuel", and the surame is "Tolkien".
• Dutch name: Anneliese Louise van der Pol: given name: "Anneliese", given2 name: "Louise", surname: "van der Pol"
  • Also surname-prefix: “van der”, surname-core: “Pol” — see below.
• French name: “Jean-Louis Trintignant” would not be Jean (given) Louis (given2) Trintignant (surname), since “Louis” wouldn’t be discarded when formatting. Instead it would be Jean-Louis (given) Trintignant (surname)

Note: If the legal name, stage name, etc. are substantially different, then that information can be logically in a separate PersonName object. That is, it is up to the implementation to maintain any distinctions that are important to it: CLDR PersonName formats is focusing on formatting a PersonName object that is given to it.

surname2 would only be asked for in certain locales, and where it is considered a separate, divisible name, such as in Mexico or Spain. For instance, in Mexico, the first and second surname are used for the legal name and in formal settings, and sometimes only the first surname is used in familiar or informal contexts.

• Heathcote-Drummond is a single surname and would not be {surname}-{surname2} because we would never discard part of the name when formatting.
• Spanish name: "Jose Luis Garcia Barrientos": The given name is “Jose’, the given2 name is “Luis”, the surname is "Garcia”, and the surname2 is “Barrientos"

How names get placed into fields to be formatted is beyond the scope of CLDR PersonName formats; this document just lays out the assumptions the formatting code makes when formatting the names.

5.2 Modifiers

Each field in a pattern can have one or more modifiers. The modifiers can be appended to any field name, such as {given-initial} for the first grapheme of the given name. If more than one modifier is applied, they must be structured as in the EBNF.

The modifiers transform the input data as described in the following table:

There may be more modifiers in the future.

Examples:

1. For the initial of the surname “**de Souza**”, in a language that treats the “de” as a tussenvoegsel, the PersonName object can automatically recast {surname-initial} to:
   {surname-prefix-initial}{surname-core-initial-allCaps} to get “dS” instead of “d”.
2. If the locale expects a surname prefix to to be sorted after a surname, then both {surname-core} then {surname-prefix} would be used as in
   {surname-core}, {given} {given2} {surname-prefix}

6 Formatting Process

The patterns are in personName elements, which are themselves in a personNames container element. The following describes how these patterns are chosen. If the name locale is different than the formatting locale, then additional processing needs to take place: see Handling foreign names.

The details of the XML structure behind the data referenced here are in XML Structure.

6.1 Derive the name locale

If there is no name locale available via the PersonName data interface, then an effective name locale is created based on the characters in the name and the formatting locale.

• Get the predominant script of the given and surname, and find the likely language as specified by the likely subtags. Use the locale identifier constructed from the likely language and the script as the name locale.

6.2 Derive the formatting locale

If the name locale is different from the formatting locale, and the script of the name is different from the script of the formatting locale, then change the formatting locale to the name locale.

6.3 Derive the name order

The name order data provides a mapping from the name locale to an order parameter.

A PersonName object’s fields are used to derive an order, as follows:

1. If the PersonName object to be formatted has a preferredOrder field, then return that field’s value
2. Otherwise, if the PersonName object has a nameLocale field, and there is a nameOrderLocales element:
   1. Map the nameLocale field using the likelySubtags data, eg zh ⇒ zh_Hans_CN
   2. Traverse the nameOrderLocales elements, and within each order attribute value to see if there is a match.
   3. As usual, an und (undefined) language subtag or empty script or region in the order attribute locale matches any language subtag, script subtag, or region subtag (respectively) in the PersonName object’s locale field.
   4. If there is a match, return the nameOrder elements order attribute value.
3. Otherwise, return givenFirst.

For example, the data for a particular locale might look like the following:

<nameOrderLocales order="surnameFirst">zh ja und-CN und-TW und-SG und-HK und-MO und-HU und-JP</nameOrderLocales>

The nameOrderLocales will match any locale with a zh or ja unicode_language_subtag and any locale with a CN, TW, SG, HK MO, HU, or JP unicode_region_subtag.

Here are some more examples. Note that if there is no order field or locale field in the PersonName object to be formatted, and the script of the PersonName data is different from that of the formatting locale, then the default result is givenFirst.

6.4 Choose a personName

The personName data in CLDR provides representations for how names are to be formatted across the different axes of order, length, usage, and formality. More than one namePattern can be associated with a single personName entry. An algorithm is then used to choose the best namePattern to use.

As an example for English, this may look like:

<personNames>
    <personName order="givenFirst" length="long" usage="referring" formality="formal">
<namePattern>{prefix} {given} {given2} {surname}, {suffix}</namePattern>
    </personName>
    <personName order="givenFirst" length="long" usage="referring" formality="informal">
<namePattern>{given} «{given2}» {surname}</namePattern>
<namePattern alt="2">«{given2}» {surname}</namePattern>
    </personName>
    <personName order="givenFirst" length="long" usage="sorting" formality="informal">
<namePattern>{surname}, {given} {given2}</namePattern>
    </personName>
...
</personNames>

The task is to find the best personName for a given set of input attributes. Well-formed data will always cover all possible combinations of the input parameters, so the algorithm is simple: traverse the list of person names until the first match is found, then return it.

In more detail:

A set of input parameters { order=O length=L usage=U formality=F } matches a personName element when:

• The order attribute values contain O or there is no order attribute, and
• The length attribute values contain L or there is no length attribute, and
• The usage attribute values contain U or there is no usage attribute, and
• The formality attribute values contain F or there is no formality attribute

Example for input parameters

order=**givenFirst** length=**long** usage=**referring** formality=**formal**

To match a personName, all four attributes in the personName must match (a missing attribute matches any value for that attribute):

To find the matching personName element, traverse all the personNames in order until the first one is found. This will always terminate since the data is well-formed in CLDR.

6.5 Choose a namePattern

To format a name, the fields in a namePattern are replaced with the actual PersonName object to be formatted values from the input record. The personName element can contain multiple namePattern elements. We choose one based on the fields in the input PersonName object that are populated: The namePattern that has the most populated fields wins; if more than one have the same number of populated fields, the one with the least unpopulated fields wins. For example:

1. Pattern A has 12 fields total, pattern B has 10 fields total, and pattern C has 8 fields total.
2. Both patterns A and B can be populated with 7 fields from the input PersonName object, pattern C can be populated with only 3 fields from the input PersonName object.
3. Pattern C is discarded, because it has the least number of populated name fields.
4. Out of the remaining patterns A and B, pattern B wins, because it has only 3 unpopulated fields compared to pattern A.

If the “winning” namePattern still has fields that are unpopulated in the PersonName object, we alter the pattern algorithmically as follows:

1. For each empty field from the start of the pattern, that field and all whitespace and literal text between it and the previous field and it and the next field is deleted. (This process stops with the first non-empty field.)
2. For each empty field from the end of the pattern, that field and all whitespace and literal text between it and the next field and it and the previous field is deleted. (This process stops with the first non-empty field.)
3. For each empty field in the middle of the pattern (going from left to right), that field and all literal text between it and the nearest whitespace or field on both sides is deleted. If this results in two whitespace characters next to each other, they are coalesced into one.

6.6 Examples of choosing a namePattern

6.6.1 Examples for rules 1 and 2

The personName element contains:

<namePattern>{prefix} {given} {given2} {surname}, {suffix}</namePattern>

The input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

Raymond J. Johnson, Jr.

The “prefix” field is empty, and so both it and the space that follows it are omitted from the output, according to rule 1 above.

If, instead, the input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

Raymond J. Johnson

The “prefix” field is empty, and so both it and the space that follows it are omitted from the output, according to rule 1 above.

The “suffix” field is also empty, so it and both the comma and the space that precede it are omitted from the output, according to rule 2 above.

6.6.2 Examples for rule 3 and the interaction between the rules

To see how rule 3 interacts with the other rules, consider an imaginary language in which people generally have given and given2 (or middle) names, and the given2 name is always written with parentheses around it, and the given name is usually written as an initial with a following period.

The personName element contains:

<namePattern>{given-initial}. ({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>

The input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

F. (Bar) Baz

If, instead, the input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

F. Baz

The “given2” field is empty, so it and the surrounding parentheses are omitted from the output, as is one of the surrounding spaces, according to rule 3. The period after “{given-initial}” remains, because it is separated from the “{given2}” element by space-- punctuation around a missing field is only deleted up until the closest space in each direction.

If there were no space between the period and the parentheses, as might happen if our hypothetical language didn’t use spaces:

<namePattern>{given-initial}.({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>

The input PersonName object still contains:

The output is:

F Baz

Both the period after “{given-initial}” and the parentheses around “{given2}” are omitted from the output, because there was no space between them-- instead, we delete punctuation all the way up to the neighboring field. To solve this (making sure the “{given-initial}” field always has a period after it), you would add another namePattern:

<namePattern>{given-initial}.({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>
<namePattern alt=”2”>{given-initial}. {surname}</namePattern>

The first pattern would be used when the “given2” field is populated, and the second pattern would be used when the “given2” field is empty.

Rules 1 and 3 can conflict in similar ways. If the personName element contains (there’s a space between the period and the opening parenthesis again):

<namePattern>{given-initial}. ({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>

And the input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

Bar) Baz

Because the “given” field is empty, rule 1 not only has us delete it, but also all punctuation up to “{given2}”. This includes both the period and the opening parenthesis. Again, to solve this, you’d supply two namePatterns:

<namePattern>{given-initial}. ({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>
<namePattern alt=”2”> ({given2}) {surname}</namePattern>

The output would then be:

(Bar) Baz

The first namePattern would be used if the “given” field was populated, and the second would be used if it was empty.

If, instead, the input PersonName object contains:

The output is:

F. Baz

6.7 Deriving initials

The following process is used to produce initials when they are not supplied by the PersonName object. Assuming the input example is “Mary Beth”:

See the “initial” modifier in the Modifiers section for more details.

6.8 Handling foreign names

There are two main challenges in dealing with foreign name formatting that needs to be considered. One is the ordering, which is dealt with under the section [2.3 nameOrderLocales Element]. The other is spacing.

Some writing systems require spaces (or some other non-letters) to separate words. For example, Hayao Miyazaki is written in English with given name first and with a space between the two name fields, while in Japanese there is no space with surname first:

宮崎駿

1. If a locale requires spaces between words, the normal patterns for the formatting locale are used. On Wikipedia, for example, note the space within the Japanese name on pages from English and Korean (an ideographic space is used here for emphasis).

• “​​Hayao Miyazaki (宮崎　駿, Miyazaki Hayao…” or
• “미야자키　하야오(일본어: 宮﨑　駿 Miyazaki Hayao…”.

2. If a locale doesn’t require spaces between words, there are two cases, based on whether the foreign name is written in the locale’s script, or the foreign name is left in its native script. In both cases, patterns from the locale of the name are used. For example, the formatting locale might be Japanese, and the locale of the PersonName object might be de_CH, German (Switzerland), such as Albert Einstein.

   1. The foreign name is written in the formatting locale’s script. In that case, the foreignSpaceReplacement is substituted for each space in the patterns from the locale of the name. Here are examples for Albert Einstein in Japanese and Chinese:
      • アルベルト・アインシュタイン
      • 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
   2. The foreign name is written in a different script. In that case, the patterns from the locale of the name are used as is.
      • Albert Einstein

In both cases, the ordering may be changed according to the Name Order for Locales settings that each locale provides. If the PersonName object does not supply a locale for a name, then a default locale will be derived based on other information (such as the script of the characters in the name fields).

Known Issue: The first version of the data doesn’t handle cases with foreignSpaceReplacement where the formatting locale doesn’t need spaces between words, but the name locale has the same ordering as the formatting locale. For example, consider where the formatting locale is Thai, and the name is in English, but transliterated into Thai.

To illustrate how foreign space replacement works, consider the following name data. For illustration, the name locale is given in the maximized form: in practice, ja would be used instead of ja_Jpan_JP, and so on.: For more information, see Likely Subtags [TBD add link].

Suppose the PersonNames formatting patterns for ja_JP and de_CH contained the following:

Note in the de_CH locale, ja is not listed in nameOrderLocales, and would therefore fall under und, and be formatted using the givenFirst order patterns if the name data is in the same script as the formatting locale.

The name data would resolve as follows:

7 Sample Name

The sampleName element is used for test names in the personNames LDML data for each locale to aid in testing and display in the CLDR Survey Tool. They are not intended to be used in production softwareas prompts or placeholders in a user interface and should not be displayed in a user interface.

7.1 Syntax

<!ELEMENT sampleName ( nameField+ )  >
<!ATTLIST sampleName item NMTOKENS #REQUIRED >

• NMTOKENS must be one of ( givenOnly | givenSurnameOnly | given12Surname | full ). However, these may change arbitrarily in the future.

7.2 Expected values

For the expected sample name items, assume a name such as Mr. Richard “Rich” Edward Smith Iglesias Ph.D.

• givenOnly is for an example name with only the given is presented: “Richard” or “Rich” (informal)
• givenSurnameOnly is for an example name with only the given name and surname: “Richard Smith” or “Rich Smith” (informal)
• given12Surname is for an example using all given names and a surname: “Richard Edward Smith” and “Rich E. Smith” (informal)
• full is used to present a name using all fields: “Mr. Richard Edward Smith Iglesias, Ph.D.”

The nameField values and their modifiers are described in the Person Name Object and namePattern Syntax sections.

8 PersonName Data Interface Examples

8.1 Example 1

Greek initials can be produced via the following process in the PersonName object, and returned to the formatter.

• Include all letters up through the first consonant or digraph (including the consonant or digraph). (This is a simplified version of the actual process.)

Examples:

• Χριστίνα Λόπεζ (Christina Lopez) ⟶ Χ. Λόπεζ (C. Lopez)
• Ντέιβιντ Λόπεζ (David Lopez) ⟶ Ντ. Λόπεζ (D. Lopez)
  Note that Ντ is a digraph representing the sound D.

8.2 Example 2

To make an initial when there are multiple words, an implementation might produce the following:

• Janus H. W. Young ⇒ {given2-initial} producing “H.W.”.
• Erik Martin van der Poel: {given2-initial} producing “V” by default, but might produce “vdP” or P in other languages.
• A field containing multiple words might not actually initialize all of them, such as in “Mohammed bin Ali bin Osman” (“MAO”).
• John Ronald Reuel Tolkien as “J.R.R. Tolkien” from { given: “John”, given2: “Ronald Reuel”, surname: “Tolkien” }
• The short version of "Son Heung-min" is "H. Son" and not "H. M. Son" or the like. Korean given-names have hyphens and the part after the hyphen is lower-case.

Copyright © 2001–2022 Unicode, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Unicode Consortium makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind, and assumes no liability for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental and consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained or accompanying this technical report. The Unicode Terms of Use apply.

Unicode and the Unicode logo are trademarks of Unicode, Inc., and are registered in some jurisdictions.